feat(manifold): edit I/O as identity-aware cards

MAP.md

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ anchor + locked decisions) and the `docs/specs/*-spec.md` set.
   consts (mode_id, engine_id, ml dims, params, voice_spaces, ui) — the SOURCE OF TRUTH for `MF_MODES`.
   Switching mode reshapes the WASM net to the mode's `ml` dims (ConsoleApp P5.3; boot mode paf_synth →
   4→[10,10,14]→33).
-- `manifold/src/dock/` — `OutputControlRow` (off/fixed/live + mute + solo/arm + min/max/curve), `output-state.ts`,
+- `manifold/src/dock/` — `OutputControlRow` (add/delete card identity + off/fixed/live + mute + solo/arm + min/max/curve), `output-state.ts`,
   `OutputsBackendConfig.tsx` (per-backend specialised Outputs panel — the sole per-backend editor).
 - `manifold/src/backends/` — `OutputBackend` adapter + `BackendManager` (spine consumer); `midi-backend.ts`
   (WebMIDI), `osc-backend.ts`+`osc-client.ts` (OSC-over-WS), `vcv-backend.ts` (VCV-over-WS), `cv-backend.ts`
@@ -74,9 +74,10 @@ anchor + locked decisions) and the `docs/specs/*-spec.md` set.
   `setInputs`, plus an `onReducedInput` callback the manifold tracks. The WASM net is over-provisioned to a
   32-input head (`MAX_AXES`, `nisps/wasm/bindings.cpp`); unused slots are zero-padded and a zero input is inert,
   so idle sources cannot perturb the net. Mean-blending was removed deliberately — it diluted every source and
-  biased the net toward idle sources' resting values. Changing the ACTIVE axis count offers a reshape
+  biased the net toward idle sources' resting values. Active-axis edits follow the persistent I/O policy:
-  (`ConsoleApp` → `ReshapeModal`): new net at the new arity, warm-started from overlapping weights, examples and
+  keep-capacity permutes stable identities in place until more slots are required; exact-I/O reconstructs
-  feedback state reset; declining keeps the over-provisioned head. Sources: `xy-pad-source` (push-driven),
+  to the active count. Surviving weights and (under adapt policy) examples are identity-remapped; feedback
+  scratch state resets. Sources: `xy-pad-source` (push-driven),
   `gamepad-source` (sticks→axes single/double; buttons emit press+release actions, bound in `ConsoleApp` to
   verdicts — LB/RB=down/up, X/Y/B=randomise/nudge/undo, A-hold=reposition), `midi-input-source` (device picker +
   BATCH "MIDI Learn": every CC swept while armed becomes an axis, shown as read-only meters). `useInputLayer.ts`
@@ -84,11 +85,13 @@ anchor + locked decisions) and the `docs/specs/*-spec.md` set.
   `backends/base-backend.ts` is its output-side counterpart (status + throttle + lastSent) used by the midi/osc/vcv transports.
 - `manifold/src/feedback/` — `controller.ts` (Explore-and-place scratchpad + geometric-dislike + solo; a thin
   driver over the shared C++ core).
-- `manifold/src/settings/` — `settings-store.ts` (monochrome icons, input-map shape, corner radius, and the opt-in legacy Xavier/spread feature flag; Manifold randomisation is full-range uniform by default).
+- `manifold/src/settings/` — `settings-store.ts` (monochrome icons, input-map shape, I/O resize policy, corner radius, and the opt-in legacy Xavier/spread feature flag; Manifold randomisation is full-range uniform by default).
 - `manifold/src/serial/` — `memlnaut-serial.ts` Web Serial scaffold + `EditorPanel.tsx` (MEMLNaut Editor mode).
 - `manifold/src/engine/exploration.ts` — Jolt press + OU explore gestures (Learning drawer): a thin
   timer-driver over the shared C++ core via the `nisps_ml_jolt_*`/`nisps_ml_ou_*` bindings (the interim
   TS math and `jolt.ts`/`ou-explore.ts` were deleted when P3 landed).
+- `manifold/src/engine/io-reshape.ts` — the deep identity-migration module for I/O card edits:
+  exact-vs-capacity reconstruction decisions, flat weight remapping, and example vector adaptation.
 - `manifold/src/debug/probe.ts` — `window.__nisps` (`?debug=1`). `manifold/tests/e2e/` — `smoke`,
   `probe-api` (engine-contract port), `spine` (spine invariant + probe-survives-mode-switch),
   `geo-dislike`, `reshape`, `schema-modes`, `training-health` (the loss/layer-stats panel + its

docs/AGENT-REFERENCE.md

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Two WASM instances at runtime:
 
 C API is in `nisps/wasm/bindings.cpp`. Build: `bash scripts/build-wasm.sh` (~94KB output to `manifold/public/`).
 
-The browser MLP is runtime-shaped since P2 (`MLPCore<DynamicStorage>`): `nisps_ml_create` honours `(input, output, hidden[3])`; non-positive/null args default to `32→[10,14,18]→126`. `nisps_ml_reshape` swaps in a new shape warm-started from the overlapping weights (examples + feedback state reset). Per-mode dims have been schema-real since P5.3 on both targets — modes no longer slice a shared 126-wide default.
+The browser MLP is runtime-shaped since P2 (`MLPCore<DynamicStorage>`): `nisps_ml_create` honours `(input, output, hidden[3])`; non-positive/null args default to `32→[10,14,18]→126`. Raw `nisps_ml_reshape` reconstructs and prefix-warm-starts a new shape. Manifold's higher-level `engine/io-reshape.ts` seam adds stable input/output identity: it can permute weights and examples without reconstruction while capacity suffices, or reconstruct with arbitrary surviving-dimension remaps. Persistent settings select capacity-vs-exact arity and adapt-vs-clear examples (neutral new-input/output defaults 0/0.5); feedback/exploration scratch state resets on either identity edit. Per-mode dims have been schema-real since P5.3 on both targets — modes no longer slice a shared 126-wide default.
 
 ### Known limitations
 

manifold/ONBOARDING.md

@@ -121,10 +121,11 @@ for the narrow pane.
 
 - **Output modes** (the TOP dock selector, NOT the same axis as `focus`): `src/console/output-mode.ts`
   defines `OUTPUT_MODES` = **particles** (default) / midi / osc / cv / synth / editor, each mapping to a
-  `BackendId`. `DEFAULT_OUTPUT_MODE='particles'`. `outputDisplayCount()` is the shared presentation
+  `BackendId`. `DEFAULT_OUTPUT_MODE='particles'`. `outputDisplayCount()` is the shared active-card
-  boundary for the stage and routing rows: MIDI uses its configured CC count, while backends without
+  boundary for the stage, backend context, and routing rows. MIDI starts with eight cards; every
-  a separate count present the full mode parameter set. The condensed Outputs panel reports this as an
+  backend can add a card or delete any individual card in condensed and expanded Outputs drawers.
-  `N outputs` chip. This does not reshape the MLP or clear examples.
+  The `N outputs` chip always reports that same set. `MFParam.id` is semantic identity; array position
+  is not. Settings decides whether edits retain spare network capacity or keep exact arity.
 - `src/console/output-mode.ts`, `types.ts`, `model.ts` are the shared vocabulary — read these first
   when touching anything cross-cutting:
   - `types.ts`: `Focus`, `OutputMode`, `DrawerKey`, `DrawerDepth`, `FeedbackModeUI`, `SoloMode`,
@@ -236,25 +237,25 @@ a setting → `--r-*` tokens.
 - `input-layer.ts` — composition hub. One rAF loop polls sources, pulls all axes into a vector,
   forwards N→engine. **`MAX_AXES = 32`** (WASM net over-provisioned to 32 inputs). **Dedicated
   dimensions, NO mean-blending** — each active axis drives its own engine slot 1:1; unused slots
-  zero-padded (inert). Changing axis count requires a **net reset** (UI confirm modal).
+  zero-padded (inert). Changing the layout uses the same persisted identity-aware I/O policy as output
+  cards.
 - `base-source.ts` + sources: `xy-pad-source.ts` (push, 2 axes), `gamepad-source.ts` (single=2 /
   double=4 axes, deadzone 0.08), `midi-input-source.ts` (Web MIDI, batch CC-learn, multi-port).
 - `useInputLayer.ts` — React binding; manages exclusive input mode + gamepad stick mode + MIDI
   device/learn map; exposes `pushPad`, `sources`, `channelLayout`, etc.
-- **Reshape (P2.3, live):** the net is now **runtime-shaped**. It boots at the default
+- **I/O migration (P2.3, live):** the net is **runtime-shaped**. It boots at the default
   over-provisioned 32-input head (zero-padding preserved), and `EngineApi.reshape({ inputSize, … })`
-  → `WasmIML.reshape` swaps in a new net at the requested arity, **warm-started** from the overlapping
+  → `WasmIML.reshape`. `engine/io-reshape.ts` owns the identity map: **Keep capacity** (default)
-  weights (`nisps_ml_reshape`; C-side dataset + feedback state RESET). When the active axis layout
+  permutes weights/examples in place and reconstructs only when active I/O outgrows the net;
-  CHANGES to a count ≠ the net's arity, `ConsoleApp` offers the swap behind `ReshapeModal.tsx`
+  **Exact I/O** reconstructs whenever active arity changes. Existing examples either adapt by
-  (reset-on-reshape confirm; declining keeps the zero-padded head). Never offered on load. The
+  deleting removed dimensions and inserting the saved neutral placeholders (input 0, output 0.5 by
-  spine tolerates the arity change (buffers resize, version bumps); the training worker
+  default), or clear, according to the persistent Settings choice. Feedback replay/exploration state
+  resets because it has no stable-ID contract. The spine tolerates arity changes; the training worker
   (`wasm-worker.ts`) carries the current dims in its train message and re-creates its mirror net to
-  match. Debug: `window.__nisps.reshape(nIn)` / `.describe()`. See the `manifold-mixed-inputs` memory
+  match. The raw debug `window.__nisps.reshape(nIn)` remains a low-level reconstruct-and-clear call.
-  for the locked design (adaptive slider viz when >2 dims is still pending).
 - **Per-mode net dims (P5.3):** switching INSTRUMENT mode reshapes the net to that mode's schema
   `ml` config (`MFMode.ml` — input/hidden/output + legacy spread) via a `ConsoleApp` effect keyed on
-  `[engine, modeId]`. No confirm modal (switching instrument is deliberate); the axis-count
+  `[engine, modeId]`. No confirm modal (switching instrument is deliberate). The effect depends on `engine`, so on boot
-  `ReshapeModal` above is for input-LAYOUT changes only. The effect depends on `engine`, so on boot
   it fires once WASM is ready and lands the boot mode's dims (**paf_synth → 4→[10,10,14]→33**, weights
   809 — NOT the 32→126 default). The reshape-offer effect reads the engine's CURRENT `inputSize`
   live, so a mode switch that changes arity doesn't spuriously prompt (its baseline tracks axis
@@ -297,7 +298,8 @@ a setting → `--r-*` tokens.
 ### Misc
 - `src/serial/memlnaut-serial.ts` — **STUB** Web Serial scaffold for the MEMLNaut Editor mode (protocol TODO). `EditorPanel.tsx` is its UI.
 - `src/settings/settings-store.ts` — localStorage settings (`mf-settings`): icon style, input-map
-  shape, corner radius, and the opt-in legacy Xavier/spread feature flag.
+  shape, exact-vs-capacity network resizing, adapt-vs-clear examples + neutral new-dimension values,
+  corner radius, and the opt-in legacy Xavier/spread feature flag.
 - `src/midi-devices/` — codegen'd external-synth device templates.
 - `src/debug/probe.ts` — `window.__nisps` synchronous probe (engine/audio/bus). Some playground
   feature-store methods are present-but-inert (not ported yet) to keep the surface stable.

manifold/src/backends/backend.ts

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export interface OutputMapping {
 /** What a backend needs to know about the active mode/output set. */
 export interface BackendContext {
   modeId: string;
-  /** Model output dims in use (≤ 126). */
+  /** Active output cards routed to this backend (may be < model capacity). */
   outputCount: number;
   /** Per-output baseline mapping, length === outputCount. */
   mappings: OutputMapping[];

manifold/src/backends/manager.ts

@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ export class BackendManager {
    *  click no longer silently drops the second request. Cleared before the
    *  re-run so it can only ever chain one hop at a time (no unbounded loop). */
   private pendingId: BackendId | null = null;
+  /** Reused active-prefix buffer when model capacity exceeds active cards. */
+  private routedScratch = new Float32Array(0);
 
   private statusListeners = new Set<(id: BackendId, s: BackendStatus) => void>();
   private offBackendStatus: (() => void) | null = null;
@@ -77,7 +79,17 @@ export class BackendManager {
         this.active.setInputVector(this.engine.inputVector());
       }
       const routed = this.engine.routedOutput();
-      if (routed) this.active.send(routed);
+      if (!routed) return;
+      const activeCount = this.ctx?.outputCount ?? routed.length;
+      if (activeCount >= routed.length) {
+        this.active.send(routed);
+      } else {
+        if (this.routedScratch.length !== activeCount) {
+          this.routedScratch = new Float32Array(activeCount);
+        }
+        this.routedScratch.set(routed.subarray(0, activeCount));
+        this.active.send(this.routedScratch);
+      }
     });
   }
 
@@ -127,6 +139,9 @@ export class BackendManager {
   /** Provide / refresh the BackendContext (mappings + names) for the active set. */
   setContext(ctx: BackendContext): void {
     this.ctx = ctx;
+    if (this.routedScratch.length !== ctx.outputCount) {
+      this.routedScratch = new Float32Array(ctx.outputCount);
+    }
     this.active?.setContext?.(ctx);
   }
 

manifold/src/backends/presets.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import type { BackendId } from '../dock/output-state';
 
 /** The per-output config a preset captures (a slice of MFParam). */
 export interface OutputPresetRow {
+  id?: string;
   name: string;
   status: MFParam['status'];
   muted?: boolean;
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ export function listPresets(backend: BackendId): OutputPreset[] {
 /** Project the live params into preset rows. */
 export function rowsFromParams(params: MFParam[]): OutputPresetRow[] {
   return params.map((p) => ({
+    id: p.id,
     name: p.name,
     status: p.status,
     muted: p.muted,
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ export function renamePreset(backend: BackendId, from: string, to: string): bool
  */
 export function applyPreset(params: MFParam[], preset: OutputPreset): MFParam[] {
   return params.map((p, i) => {
-    const r = preset.rows[i];
+    const r = preset.rows.find((row) => row.id === p.id) ?? preset.rows[i];
     if (!r) return p;
     return {
       ...p,

manifold/src/console/ConsoleApp.tsx

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import type { CSSProperties } from 'react';
 import { useEngine, useEngineVersion, ExplorationController } from '../engine';
-import { MF_MODES, modeEngineId, shapeValues } from './model';
+import { MF_MODES, createOutputParam, modeEngineId, shapeValues } from './model';
 import type { MFParam } from './model';
 import { CompositeStage } from './CompositeStage';
 import { ParticleStage } from './ParticleStage';
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ import { OutputStage } from './OutputStage';
 import { Manifold } from './Manifold';
 import { VerdictCluster } from './VerdictCluster';
 import { Dock } from './Dock';
-import { ReshapeModal } from './ReshapeModal';
 import type {
   ConsoleCtx,
   DrawerDepth,
@@ -57,6 +56,11 @@ import { DEFAULT_OUTPUT_MODE, outputDisplayCount, outputModeDescriptor } from '.
 import { useSettings, resolveInputMap } from '../settings/settings-store';
 import { useBackendManager } from '../backends';
 import { useInputLayer } from '../inputs';
+import {
+  completeDimensionMap,
+  resizeTarget,
+  type DimensionMap,
+} from '../engine/io-reshape';
 
 /**
  * Console debug seam, installed on `window.__mf` under `?debug=1` (see the
@@ -102,6 +106,7 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
   const [modeId, setModeId] = useState('paf_synth');
   const mode = MF_MODES.find((m) => m.id === modeId) ?? MF_MODES[0];
   const [params, setParams] = useState<MFParam[]>(() => mode.params.map((p) => ({ ...p })));
+  const [paramsModeId, setParamsModeId] = useState(mode.id);
   const [pos, setPos] = useState<[number, number]>([0.5, 0.5]);
 
   const [noiseCap, setNoiseCap] = useState(0.12);
@@ -146,10 +151,13 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
   // Per-backend transport settings (backends-spec §2.3/§2.4). Persisted via the
   // named-preset system; these are the live working values.
   const [midiOutputId, setMidiOutputId] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  const [midiCcCount, setMidiCcCount] = useState(8);
+  const [outputCounts, setOutputCounts] = useState<Partial<Record<OutputMode, number>>>({
-  const displayOutputCount = outputDisplayCount(outputMode, params.length, {
+    midi: 8,
-    midi: midiCcCount,
   });
+  const midiCcCount = outputDisplayCount('midi', params.length, outputCounts);
+  const setMidiCcCount = (n: number) =>
+    setOutputCounts((counts) => ({ ...counts, midi: Math.max(1, Math.floor(n)) }));
+  const displayOutputCount = outputDisplayCount(outputMode, params.length, outputCounts);
   const [oscUrl, setOscUrl] = useState('ws://localhost:8765');
   const [oscSendRaw, setOscSendRaw] = useState(false);
   // VCV bridge: WS URL of the Deno bridge that relays to the VCV module over UDP
@@ -249,9 +257,9 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
   // level — the true gradient column-freeze (`train_masked`) is the C++ step.
   useEffect(() => {
     controllerRef.current?.setSoloMode(soloMode);
-    controllerRef.current?.setArmMask(buildArmMask(params));
+    controllerRef.current?.setArmMask(buildArmMask(params.slice(0, displayOutputCount)));
     // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-  }, [engine, params, soloMode]);
+  }, [engine, params, displayOutputCount, soloMode]);
 
   // Keep the audio backend pointed at the current mode (audio itself is gated
   // behind a user gesture — see startAudio below).
@@ -276,6 +284,7 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
   // reset transient state on mode switch
   useEffect(() => {
     setParams(mode.params.map((p) => ({ ...p })));
+    setParamsModeId(modeId);
     setPos([0.5, 0.5]);
     setExamples(0);
     setFollow(false);
@@ -301,43 +310,55 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
   // `pushPad`; MIDI + gamepad are pulled by the layer's own rAF loop.
   const inputs = useInputLayer(engine);
 
-  // ---- Reshape offer (runtime-shaped net, P2) --------------------------------
+  // ---- Identity-aware input-card migration -----------------------------------
-  // When the ACTIVE input layout CHANGES (source added/removed, MIDI-learn axes
+  // Input sources already expose add/remove cards (MIDI learns, gamepad axes).
-  // change, gamepad stick mode) to an axis count that differs from the net's
+  // Preserve their semantic coordinates by source+label when those rows change.
-  // current input arity, offer a warm-started reshape behind a confirm modal
+  const inputSlotsRef = useRef<Map<string, number> | null>(null);
-  // (locked decision: "reshapeable N-D net, reset-on-reshape modal"). We only
+  const inputLayoutKey = inputs.channelLayout
-  // offer on a genuine CHANGE — never on first load — so the default 32-input
+    .map((channel) => `${channel.source}\u0000${channel.label}`)
-  // over-provisioned head is preserved untouched, and declining keeps the
+    .join('\u0001');
-  // zero-padding path working. Once per layout change (debounced by the ref).
-  const [reshapeTarget, setReshapeTarget] = useState<number | null>(null);
-  const prevAxisCountRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!engine) return;
-    const n = inputs.axisCount;
+    const keys = inputLayoutKey ? inputLayoutKey.split('\u0001') : [];
-    // Ignore the boot transient (sources attach a frame after mount, so the
+    if (keys.length < 1) return;
-    // count ramps 0 → 2) and any "no active axes" lull — neither is a layout the
-    // user chose, and treating 0 as a baseline would make the first real layout
-    // look like a change and prompt on load.
-    if (n < 1) return;
     const inSize = inputs.engineInputSize;
-    // First established layout is the baseline (default load) — record, never
+    const previous = inputSlotsRef.current;
-    // prompt. This is the default over-provisioned case that must stay untouched.
+    if (previous === null) {
-    if (prevAxisCountRef.current === null) {
+      inputSlotsRef.current = new Map(keys.map((key, i) => [key, i]));
-      prevAxisCountRef.current = n;
       return;
     }
-    if (n === prevAxisCountRef.current) return; // arity unchanged → no offer
+    const activeMap: DimensionMap = keys.map((key) => previous.get(key) ?? null);
-    prevAxisCountRef.current = n;
+    const target =
-    // Offer iff the new active layout no longer matches the net's arity.
+      resizeTarget(keys.length, inSize, settings.networkResizePolicy) ?? inSize;
-    if (n !== inSize) setReshapeTarget(n);
+    const inputMap = completeDimensionMap(activeMap, target, inSize);
-    else setReshapeTarget(null);
+    const needsMigration =
-  }, [engine, inputs.axisCount, inputs.engineInputSize]);
+      target !== inSize || inputMap.some((oldIndex, newIndex) => oldIndex !== newIndex);
-
+    if (needsMigration) {
-  const confirmReshape = () => {
+      engine.reshape(
-    const n = reshapeTarget;
+        { inputSize: target },
-    setReshapeTarget(null);
+        randomisationSpread,
-    if (engine && n != null) engine.reshape({ inputSize: n });
+        {
-  };
+          inputMap,
+          examples: settings.exampleResizePolicy,
+          addedInputValue: settings.addedInputExampleValue,
+          addedOutputValue: settings.addedOutputExampleValue,
+        },
+      );
+      controllerRef.current?.resetAfterIoChange();
+      syncController();
+      setExamples(engine.getState().exampleCount);
+    }
+    inputSlotsRef.current = new Map(keys.map((key, i) => [key, i]));
+  }, [
+    engine,
+    inputLayoutKey,
+    inputs.engineInputSize,
+    randomisationSpread,
+    settings.networkResizePolicy,
+    settings.exampleResizePolicy,
+    settings.addedInputExampleValue,
+    settings.addedOutputExampleValue,
+  ]);
 
   // ---- Console debug seam (`?debug=1`) ----------------------------------------
   // There is no instrument-mode picker in the UI yet (ctx.modes/setModeId are
@@ -389,6 +410,10 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
   // spine and forwards routed outputs to the active backend; switching Mode
   // tears down the old backend, starts the new one, and gates synth audio
   // (mute on non-synth modes). MIDI/OSC config + names ride the shared params.
+  const backendParams = useMemo(
+    () => params.slice(0, displayOutputCount),
+    [params, displayOutputCount],
+  );
   const {
     manager: backendManager,
     status: backendStatus,
@@ -401,7 +426,7 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
     engine,
     outputBackend,
     modeId,
-    params,
+    backendParams,
     { outputId: midiOutputId, ccCount: midiCcCount },
     { url: oscUrl, sendRaw: oscSendRaw },
     { url: vcvUrl, sendRaw: vcvSendRaw },
@@ -636,6 +661,104 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
     });
   }, [version]);
 
+  /**
+   * The single output-card mutation seam. Callers provide the desired active
+   * cards; this module decides whether to keep capacity, permute in place, or
+   * reconstruct, then makes card order and MLP coordinates agree again.
+   */
+  const applyOutputCards = (activeCards: MFParam[], spareCards: MFParam[]) => {
+    if (activeCards.length < 1) return;
+    const oldCapacity = engine?.architecture.outputSize ?? mode.ml.outputSize;
+    const target =
+      resizeTarget(activeCards.length, oldCapacity, settings.networkResizePolicy) ??
+      oldCapacity;
+    const activeMap: DimensionMap = activeCards.map((param) => {
+      const index = param.engineIndex;
+      return index !== undefined && index >= 0 && index < oldCapacity ? index : null;
+    });
+    const outputMap = completeDimensionMap(activeMap, target, oldCapacity);
+    const oldByIndex = new Map<number, MFParam>();
+    for (const param of params) {
+      if (param.engineIndex !== undefined) oldByIndex.set(param.engineIndex, param);
+    }
+    const placed = new Set(activeCards.map((param) => param.id));
+    const ordered: MFParam[] = [...activeCards];
+    for (const oldIndex of outputMap.slice(activeCards.length)) {
+      if (oldIndex === null) continue;
+      const param = oldByIndex.get(oldIndex);
+      if (param && !placed.has(param.id)) {
+        ordered.push(param);
+        placed.add(param.id);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const param of [...spareCards, ...params]) {
+      if (!placed.has(param.id)) {
+        ordered.push(param);
+        placed.add(param.id);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const needsMigration =
+      target !== oldCapacity ||
+      outputMap.some((oldIndex, newIndex) => oldIndex !== newIndex);
+    if (engine && needsMigration) {
+      engine.reshape(
+        { outputSize: target },
+        randomisationSpread,
+        {
+          outputMap,
+          examples: settings.exampleResizePolicy,
+          addedInputValue: settings.addedInputExampleValue,
+          addedOutputValue: settings.addedOutputExampleValue,
+        },
+      );
+      controllerRef.current?.resetAfterIoChange();
+      syncController();
+      setExamples(engine.getState().exampleCount);
+    }
+    setParams(
+      ordered.map((param, index) => ({
+        ...param,
+        engineIndex: index < target ? index : undefined,
+      })),
+    );
+    setOutputCounts((counts) => ({ ...counts, [outputMode]: activeCards.length }));
+  };
+
+  const addOutput = () => {
+    const active = params.slice(0, displayOutputCount);
+    const next = params[displayOutputCount] ?? createOutputParam(params.length);
+    const spares = params
+      .slice(displayOutputCount + (params[displayOutputCount] ? 1 : 0))
+      .filter((param) => param.id !== next.id);
+    applyOutputCards([...active, next], spares);
+  };
+
+  const deleteOutput = (index: number) => {
+    if (displayOutputCount <= 1 || index < 0 || index >= displayOutputCount) return;
+    const active = params.slice(0, displayOutputCount);
+    const [removed] = active.splice(index, 1);
+    applyOutputCards(active, [removed, ...params.slice(displayOutputCount)]);
+  };
+
+  // Switching output targets (or changing the saved resize policy) reconciles
+  // the network to that target's persisted active-card count.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (paramsModeId !== modeId) return;
+    const count = outputDisplayCount(outputMode, params.length, outputCounts);
+    applyOutputCards(params.slice(0, count), params.slice(count));
+    // `params` is deliberately read as the current card catalogue but omitted:
+    // applyOutputCards itself replaces it, so including it would self-trigger.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [
+    engine,
+    modeId,
+    paramsModeId,
+    outputMode,
+    outputCounts[outputMode],
+    settings.networkResizePolicy,
+  ]);
+
   // Ref-mirror of everything the two global-listener effects below close over
   // that is NOT already React-stable (verdict/navigation handlers are plain
   // consts re-created every render; `pos`/`inputs.inputMode` are per-render
@@ -804,6 +927,8 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
     },
     params,
     setParam,
+    addOutput,
+    deleteOutput,
     displayOutputCount,
     outputMode,
     setOutputMode,
@@ -840,8 +965,11 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
     setSoloMode,
     exploring,
     learningPaused,
-    armedCount: params.filter((p) => p.armed).length,
+    armedCount: params.slice(0, displayOutputCount).filter((p) => p.armed).length,
-    clearArmed: () => setParams((ps) => ps.map((p) => (p.armed ? { ...p, armed: false } : p))),
+    clearArmed: () =>
+      setParams((ps) =>
+        ps.map((p, i) => (i < displayOutputCount && p.armed ? { ...p, armed: false } : p)),
+      ),
     // exploration gestures (Jolt + OU explore)
     joltActive,
     onJoltPress,
@@ -1123,14 +1251,6 @@ export function ConsoleApp() {
         }}
       />
 
-      {reshapeTarget !== null && (
-        <ReshapeModal
-          target={reshapeTarget}
-          current={inputs.engineInputSize}
-          onConfirm={confirmReshape}
-          onCancel={() => setReshapeTarget(null)}
-        />
-      )}
     </div>
   );
 }

manifold/src/console/Drawers.tsx

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import { shapeValues } from './model';
 import { outputModeDescriptor } from './output-mode';
 import { useSettings, unfocusedIconCss } from '../settings/settings-store';
 import type { UnfocusedIconColour, InputMapMode } from '../settings/settings-store';
+import type { ExampleResizePolicy, NetworkResizePolicy } from '../engine/io-reshape';
 import { EditorPanel } from '../serial/EditorPanel';
 import { TrainingHealth } from './TrainingHealth';
 import {
@@ -632,6 +633,9 @@ function RoutingDrawer(ctx: ConsoleCtx, depth: DrawerDepth) {
         <Chip>off {counts.off || 0}</Chip>
         <Chip tone="var(--danger)">muted {mutedN}</Chip>
         <BackendStatusChip ctx={ctx} />
+        <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" onClick={ctx.addOutput}>
+          + output
+        </Button>
       </div>
       {ModeConfig(ctx, depth)}
       {/* Specialised per-backend config + named-preset bar (MIDI/OSC); hidden when condensed. */}
@@ -651,10 +655,11 @@ function RoutingDrawer(ctx: ConsoleCtx, depth: DrawerDepth) {
           const labelled = { ...p, name: nameFor(i, p.name) };
           return (
             <OutputControlRow
-              key={i}
+              key={p.id}
               param={labelled}
               value={values[i] ?? 0}
               onChange={(patch) => ctx.setParam(i, patch)}
+              onDelete={activeParams.length > 1 ? () => ctx.deleteOutput(i) : undefined}
               showCurve={expanded}
             />
           );
@@ -681,6 +686,14 @@ const INPUT_MAP_OPTS: { value: InputMapMode; label: string }[] = [
   { value: 'rectangular', label: 'Rectangular' },
   { value: 'circular', label: 'Circular' },
 ];
+const NETWORK_RESIZE_OPTS: { value: NetworkResizePolicy; label: string }[] = [
+  { value: 'capacity', label: 'Keep capacity' },
+  { value: 'exact', label: 'Exact I/O' },
+];
+const EXAMPLE_RESIZE_OPTS: { value: ExampleResizePolicy; label: string }[] = [
+  { value: 'adapt', label: 'Adapt' },
+  { value: 'clear', label: 'Clear' },
+];
 
 function SettingsDrawer({ depth }: { ctx: ConsoleCtx; depth: DrawerDepth }) {
   const { settings, set } = useSettings();
@@ -728,6 +741,47 @@ function SettingsDrawer({ depth }: { ctx: ConsoleCtx; depth: DrawerDepth }) {
         </p>
       )}
 
+      <SectionLabel>I/O editing</SectionLabel>
+      <div style={{ fontSize: 'var(--fs-xs)', color: 'var(--fg-dim)' }}>Network size</div>
+      <PillToggle
+        value={settings.networkResizePolicy}
+        onChange={(v) => set('networkResizePolicy', v as NetworkResizePolicy)}
+        options={NETWORK_RESIZE_OPTS}
+        ariaLabel="Network resize policy"
+      />
+      <div style={{ fontSize: 'var(--fs-xs)', color: 'var(--fg-dim)' }}>Existing examples</div>
+      <PillToggle
+        value={settings.exampleResizePolicy}
+        onChange={(v) => set('exampleResizePolicy', v as ExampleResizePolicy)}
+        options={EXAMPLE_RESIZE_OPTS}
+        ariaLabel="Example resize policy"
+      />
+      {depth === 'expanded' && (
+        <>
+          <p style={{ fontSize: 9, color: 'var(--fg-dim)', margin: 0, lineHeight: 1.6 }}>
+            Keep capacity edits mappings in place and reconstructs only when the active cards outgrow
+            the network. Exact I/O keeps network arity equal to the cards. Surviving dimensions retain
+            their identity and weights; exploration scratch state resets after an I/O edit.
+          </p>
+          <Slider
+            label="New input example value"
+            value={settings.addedInputExampleValue}
+            min={0}
+            max={1}
+            step={0.05}
+            onChange={(v) => set('addedInputExampleValue', v)}
+          />
+          <Slider
+            label="New output example value"
+            value={settings.addedOutputExampleValue}
+            min={0}
+            max={1}
+            step={0.05}
+            onChange={(v) => set('addedOutputExampleValue', v)}
+          />
+        </>
+      )}
+
       <SectionLabel>Chrome</SectionLabel>
       <Slider
         label="Corner radius"

manifold/src/console/OutputStage.tsx

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ export function OutputStage({ params, values, onChange, compact = false }: Outpu
         const placeRight = i > params.length - 4;
         return (
           <div
-            key={i}
+            key={p.id}
             style={{
               position: 'relative',
               flex: 1,

manifold/src/console/ReshapeModal.tsx

@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * ReshapeModal — confirm modal for reshaping the runtime-shaped net (P2).
- *
- * Offered when the composed ACTIVE input-axis count changes to something other
- * than the net's current input arity (see ConsoleApp's reshape-offer effect).
- * The locked decision (manifold-mixed-inputs memory) is a "reset-on-reshape"
- * flow: warm-start the weights from the current net, reset examples + explore
- * state. Declining keeps the current (over-provisioned, zero-padded) net — so
- * the default 32-input head behaviour never changes unless the user opts in.
- *
- * Small inline modal in the house design language (no external dialog dep).
- */
-import { Button } from '../primitives';
-
-export interface ReshapeModalProps {
-  /** Target input arity (the current active axis count). */
-  target: number;
-  /** The net's current input arity, for the copy. */
-  current: number;
-  onConfirm: () => void;
-  onCancel: () => void;
-}
-
-export function ReshapeModal({ target, current, onConfirm, onCancel }: ReshapeModalProps) {
-  return (
-    <div
-      role="dialog"
-      aria-modal="true"
-      aria-label="Reshape the net"
-      onClick={onCancel}
-      style={{
-        position: 'fixed',
-        inset: 0,
-        zIndex: 100,
-        display: 'flex',
-        alignItems: 'center',
-        justifyContent: 'center',
-        background: 'rgba(0,0,0,0.55)',
-        backdropFilter: 'blur(2px)',
-      }}
-    >
-      <div
-        onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
-        style={{
-          width: 'min(420px, 90vw)',
-          background: 'var(--bg-1)',
-          border: '1px solid var(--line)',
-          borderRadius: 'var(--r-2)',
-          boxShadow: '0 12px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.5)',
-          fontFamily: 'var(--font-mono)',
-          color: 'var(--fg)',
-          padding: 'var(--sp-4, 18px)',
-          display: 'flex',
-          flexDirection: 'column',
-          gap: 14,
-        }}
-      >
-        <div
-          style={{
-            fontSize: 'var(--fs-sm)',
-            textTransform: 'uppercase',
-            letterSpacing: '0.08em',
-            color: 'var(--accent)',
-          }}
-        >
-          Reshape the net?
-        </div>
-        <p style={{ margin: 0, fontSize: 'var(--fs-sm)', lineHeight: 1.7, color: 'var(--fg)' }}>
-          Reshape the net to {target} input{target === 1 ? '' : 's'}? Weights are warm-started from
-          the current {current}-input net; examples and exploration state reset.
-        </p>
-        <p style={{ margin: 0, fontSize: 9, lineHeight: 1.6, color: 'var(--fg-dim)' }}>
-          Decline to keep the current net — the extra axes stay zero-padded (inert).
-        </p>
-        <div style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 8, justifyContent: 'flex-end' }}>
-          <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" onClick={onCancel}>
-            Keep current
-          </Button>
-          <Button size="sm" variant="primary" onClick={onConfirm}>
-            Reshape to {target}
-          </Button>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  );
-}

manifold/src/console/model.ts

@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ export const DEFAULT_MODE_ML: ModeML = {
  * are re-declared here loosely to avoid a console→dock import cycle.
  */
 export interface MFParam {
+  /** Stable semantic identity; array position is presentation, not identity. */
+  id: string;
+  /** Current MLP output coordinate, absent while the card is inactive/spare. */
+  engineIndex?: number;
   name: string;
   group: string;
   status: ParamStatus;
@@ -166,7 +170,17 @@ function mkParams(spec: Spec): MFParam[] {
   const out: MFParam[] = [];
   for (const [group, names] of spec) {
     names.forEach((name) =>
-      out.push({ name, group, status: 'live', val: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, curve: 0.5 }),
+      out.push({
+        id: `${group}:${name}:${out.length}`,
+        engineIndex: out.length,
+        name,
+        group,
+        status: 'live',
+        val: 0.5,
+        min: 0,
+        max: 1,
+        curve: 0.5,
+      }),
     );
   }
   return out;
@@ -190,7 +204,9 @@ function mlFromSchema(schema: ModeSchema): ModeML {
  * are surfaced as ENGINE-unit metadata for display only.
  */
 function paramsFromSchema(schema: ModeSchema): MFParam[] {
-  return schema.params.map((p) => ({
+  return schema.params.map((p, i) => ({
+    id: `${schema.mode_id}:${p.name}`,
+    engineIndex: i,
     name: p.name,
     group: p.group,
     status: 'live' as ParamStatus,
@@ -369,12 +385,32 @@ export function shapeValues(params: MFParam[], engineOut: Float32Array | null):
     if (p.status === 'fixed') {
       return p.min + Math.max(0, Math.min(1, p.val ?? 0.5)) * (p.max - p.min);
     }
-    const raw = engineOut && i < engineOut.length ? engineOut[i] : 0.5;
+    const engineIndex = p.engineIndex ?? i;
+    const raw = engineOut && engineIndex < engineOut.length ? engineOut[engineIndex] : 0.5;
     const v = p.min + applyCurve(raw, p.curve) * (p.max - p.min);
     return Math.max(0, Math.min(1, v));
   });
 }
 
+/** Create a backend-agnostic output card after every schema output is active. */
+export function createOutputParam(index: number): MFParam {
+  const suffix = index + 1;
+  const unique =
+    typeof crypto !== 'undefined' && typeof crypto.randomUUID === 'function'
+      ? crypto.randomUUID()
+      : `${Date.now()}-${index}`;
+  return {
+    id: `custom:${unique}`,
+    name: `Output ${suffix}`,
+    group: 'custom',
+    status: 'live',
+    val: 0.5,
+    min: 0,
+    max: 1,
+    curve: 0.5,
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Map a mode id → the audio-engine backend id. Routes on `MFMode.engineId`
  * (schema truth — `slp_workshop`'s schema already declares `engine_id:

manifold/src/console/output-mode.ts

@@ -82,12 +82,9 @@ export function outputModeDescriptor(id: OutputMode): OutputModeDescriptor {
 }
 
 /**
- * Number of output controls the active backend presents.
+ * Number of active output cards the selected backend presents. Model capacity
- *
+ * may be larger under the persisted keep-capacity policy; exact-I/O makes this
- * The model may expose more parameters than a backend currently maps (MIDI is
+ * count the model arity. The identity-aware engine action owns that distinction.
- * the live example: its CC count is adjustable). Keep that presentation
- * boundary separate from the model arity so changing a backend count does not
- * silently reshape the net and clear its examples.
  */
 export function outputDisplayCount(
   id: OutputMode,

manifold/src/console/types.ts

@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ export interface ConsoleCtx {
   params: MFParam[];
   /** Patch one output row in the shared store (drives stage + dock in sync). */
   setParam: (i: number, patch: Partial<MFParam>) => void;
+  addOutput: () => void;
+  deleteOutput: (i: number) => void;
   /** Active backend outputs currently presented by the stage + routing rows. */
   displayOutputCount: number;
 
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ export interface ConsoleCtx {
   /** Available Web MIDI output ports (for the MIDI config picker). */
   midiPorts: { id: string; name: string }[];
   refreshMidiPorts: () => void;
-  /** MIDI backend settings (selected port + number of CCs mapped). */
+  /** MIDI backend settings (selected port + active output-card count). */
   midiOutputId: string | null;
   setMidiOutputId: (id: string | null) => void;
   midiCcCount: number;

manifold/src/dock/OutputControlRow.tsx

@@ -60,11 +60,19 @@ export interface OutputControlRowProps {
   /** Live (computed) value for the value bar. */
   value: number;
   onChange: (patch: Partial<MFParam>) => void;
+  /** Remove this semantic output from the active card set. */
+  onDelete?: () => void;
   /** Show the curve pad inline (expand depth); hidden in compact rows. */
   showCurve?: boolean;
 }
 
-export function OutputControlRow({ param, value, onChange, showCurve = false }: OutputControlRowProps) {
+export function OutputControlRow({
+  param,
+  value,
+  onChange,
+  onDelete,
+  showCurve = false,
+}: OutputControlRowProps) {
   const gc = `var(${GROUP_COLOR[param.group] || '--accent'})`;
   const muted = param.muted ?? false;
   const armed = param.armed ?? false;
@@ -99,6 +107,28 @@ export function OutputControlRow({ param, value, onChange, showCurve = false }:
           {param.name}
         </span>
         <span style={{ fontSize: 9, color: 'var(--fg-dim)' }}>{param.group}</span>
+        {onDelete && (
+          <button
+            type="button"
+            aria-label={`Delete ${param.name} output`}
+            title={`Delete ${param.name} output`}
+            onClick={onDelete}
+            style={{
+              width: 22,
+              height: 22,
+              borderRadius: 'var(--r-1)',
+              border: '1px solid var(--line)',
+              background: 'transparent',
+              color: 'var(--danger)',
+              cursor: 'pointer',
+              fontFamily: 'var(--font-mono)',
+              fontSize: 14,
+              lineHeight: 1,
+            }}
+          >
+            ×
+          </button>
+        )}
         <GlyphToggle
           on={muted}
           glyph="M"

manifold/src/dock/OutputsBackendConfig.tsx

@@ -354,19 +354,9 @@ function MidiConfig({ ctx }: { ctx: ConsoleCtx }) {
             </option>
           ))}
         </select>
-        <label style={{ display: 'flex', gap: 6, alignItems: 'center', fontSize: 'var(--fs-xs)', color: 'var(--fg-dim)' }}>
+        <span style={{ fontSize: 'var(--fs-xs)', color: 'var(--fg-dim)' }}>
-          CCs
+          {ctx.midiCcCount} CC output{ctx.midiCcCount === 1 ? '' : 's'} · add/delete cards below
-          <input
+        </span>
-            type="number"
-            min={1}
-            max={ctx.params.length}
-            value={ctx.midiCcCount}
-            onChange={(e) =>
-              ctx.setMidiCcCount(Math.max(1, Math.min(ctx.params.length, num(e.target.value, ctx.midiCcCount))))
-            }
-            style={{ ...cellInput, width: 60 }}
-          />
-        </label>
         <span style={{ fontSize: 9, color: statusColor }}>{s.message}</span>
       </div>
 
@@ -478,7 +468,7 @@ function OscConfig({ ctx }: { ctx: ConsoleCtx }) {
             </tr>
           </thead>
           <tbody>
-            {ctx.params.map((p, i) => {
+            {ctx.params.slice(0, ctx.displayOutputCount).map((p, i) => {
               const o = p.osc ?? defaultOscSpec(p.name);
               return (
                 <tr key={i}>
@@ -558,7 +548,7 @@ function VcvConfig({ ctx }: { ctx: ConsoleCtx }) {
             </tr>
           </thead>
           <tbody>
-            {ctx.params.map((p, i) => {
+            {ctx.params.slice(0, ctx.displayOutputCount).map((p, i) => {
               const v = p.vcv ?? defaultVcvSpec();
               return (
                 <tr key={i}>
@@ -622,7 +612,7 @@ function CvConfig({ ctx }: { ctx: ConsoleCtx }) {
             </tr>
           </thead>
           <tbody>
-            {ctx.params.map((p, i) => {
+            {ctx.params.slice(0, ctx.displayOutputCount).map((p, i) => {
               const c = (p.cv as { channel: CvChannelId; gateThreshold: number } | undefined) ?? defaultCvSpec(i);
               const isGate = c.channel.startsWith('gate');
               return (

manifold/src/engine/engine-api.ts

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import type { InputConfig, OutputConfig } from './pipeline-types';
 import { Spine, type BackendSend } from './spine';
 import type { EngineId, FeedbackMode, LayerStats } from './types';
 import { WasmIML } from './wasm-iml';
+import type { IoMigration } from './io-reshape';
 
 export interface EngineFeedbackApi {
   /** Positive feedback (thumbs-up). Returns the FeedbackAction int. */
@@ -315,17 +316,17 @@ export class EngineApi {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Reshape the net to new dims (runtime-shaped MLP; one-core-engine P2). The
+   * Reconfigure runtime I/O. Without a migration plan this is the legacy
-   * new net is warm-started from the current net's overlapping weights; the
+   * reconstruct-and-clear operation. With one, stable dimension maps preserve
-   * dataset + feedback/exploration state RESET (front-end shows a confirm modal
+   * semantic weights and optionally adapt examples; same-shape permutations do
-   * first). Returns true on success. On success the spine re-reads its arity and
+   * not reconstruct the MLP. Feedback/exploration scratch state always resets.
-   * re-ticks the last input so outputs/audio reflect the new net.
    */
   reshape(
     dims: { inputSize?: number; outputSize?: number; hidden?: [number, number, number] },
     spread = this.spread_,
+    migration?: IoMigration,
   ): boolean {
-    const ok = this.iml.reshape(dims, spread);
+    const ok = this.iml.reshape(dims, spread, migration);
     if (ok) this.process();
     return ok;
   }

manifold/src/engine/index.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,18 @@ export type { WasmIMLOptions } from './wasm-iml';
 
 export { EngineHost } from './engine-host';
 export { Dataset } from './dataset';
+export {
+  completeDimensionMap,
+  remapFlatWeights,
+  remapVector,
+  resizeTarget,
+} from './io-reshape';
+export type {
+  DimensionMap,
+  ExampleResizePolicy,
+  IoMigration,
+  NetworkResizePolicy,
+} from './io-reshape';
 
 export { noopSink } from './sink';
 export type { EngineSink, EngineStatePatch } from './sink';

manifold/src/engine/io-reshape.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/**
+ * Identity-aware I/O migration for the runtime-shaped MLP.
+ *
+ * A dimension map is destination-first: `map[newIndex]` is the old dimension
+ * whose meaning survives there, or `null` for a newly-created dimension.
+ * Keeping this algebra in one framework-neutral module prevents card order,
+ * flat-weight layout, and example migration from becoming three independent
+ * sources of truth.
+ */
+import type { MLArchitecture } from './types';
+
+export type DimensionMap = ReadonlyArray<number | null>;
+export type ExampleResizePolicy = 'adapt' | 'clear';
+export type NetworkResizePolicy = 'capacity' | 'exact';
+
+export interface IoMigration {
+  inputMap?: DimensionMap;
+  outputMap?: DimensionMap;
+  examples: ExampleResizePolicy;
+  addedInputValue: number;
+  addedOutputValue: number;
+}
+
+/** Fill the inactive tail of an active dimension map with unused old slots. */
+export function completeDimensionMap(
+  active: DimensionMap,
+  newSize: number,
+  oldSize: number,
+): Array<number | null> {
+  const out = Array.from({ length: newSize }, (_, i) => active[i] ?? null);
+  const used = new Set<number>();
+  for (const oldIndex of out) {
+    if (oldIndex !== null && oldIndex >= 0 && oldIndex < oldSize) used.add(oldIndex);
+  }
+  const spare: number[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < oldSize; ++i) if (!used.has(i)) spare.push(i);
+  let next = 0;
+  for (let i = active.length; i < newSize && next < spare.length; ++i) {
+    out[i] = spare[next++];
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function prefixMap(size: number, oldSize: number): Array<number | null> {
+  return Array.from({ length: size }, (_, i) => (i < oldSize ? i : null));
+}
+
+interface FlatLayout {
+  dims: [number, number, number, number, number];
+  weightOffsets: [number, number, number, number];
+  biasOffsets: [number, number, number, number];
+}
+
+function flatLayout(arch: MLArchitecture): FlatLayout {
+  const dims: FlatLayout['dims'] = [
+    arch.inputSize,
+    arch.hidden[0],
+    arch.hidden[1],
+    arch.hidden[2],
+    arch.outputSize,
+  ];
+  const weightOffsets: number[] = [];
+  let offset = 0;
+  for (let layer = 0; layer < 4; ++layer) {
+    weightOffsets.push(offset);
+    offset += dims[layer] * dims[layer + 1];
+  }
+  const biasOffsets: number[] = [];
+  for (let layer = 0; layer < 4; ++layer) {
+    biasOffsets.push(offset);
+    offset += dims[layer + 1];
+  }
+  return {
+    dims,
+    weightOffsets: weightOffsets as FlatLayout['weightOffsets'],
+    biasOffsets: biasOffsets as FlatLayout['biasOffsets'],
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Overlay all surviving semantic coordinates from `oldWeights` onto the
+ * freshly-initialised destination weights. Hidden layers retain prefix
+ * identity; input columns and output rows follow the supplied maps.
+ */
+export function remapFlatWeights(
+  oldWeights: Float32Array,
+  oldArch: MLArchitecture,
+  freshWeights: Float32Array,
+  newArch: MLArchitecture,
+  inputMap?: DimensionMap,
+  outputMap?: DimensionMap,
+): Float32Array {
+  const src = flatLayout(oldArch);
+  const dst = flatLayout(newArch);
+  const maps: Array<Array<number | null>> = [
+    Array.from(inputMap ?? prefixMap(newArch.inputSize, oldArch.inputSize)),
+    prefixMap(newArch.hidden[0], oldArch.hidden[0]),
+    prefixMap(newArch.hidden[1], oldArch.hidden[1]),
+    prefixMap(newArch.hidden[2], oldArch.hidden[2]),
+    Array.from(outputMap ?? prefixMap(newArch.outputSize, oldArch.outputSize)),
+  ];
+  const out = new Float32Array(freshWeights);
+
+  for (let layer = 0; layer < 4; ++layer) {
+    const oldIn = src.dims[layer];
+    const oldOut = src.dims[layer + 1];
+    const newIn = dst.dims[layer];
+    const newOut = dst.dims[layer + 1];
+    const inputIndices = maps[layer];
+    const outputIndices = maps[layer + 1];
+    for (let node = 0; node < newOut; ++node) {
+      const oldNode = outputIndices[node];
+      if (oldNode === null || oldNode < 0 || oldNode >= oldOut) continue;
+      for (let input = 0; input < newIn; ++input) {
+        const oldInput = inputIndices[input];
+        if (oldInput === null || oldInput < 0 || oldInput >= oldIn) continue;
+        out[dst.weightOffsets[layer] + node * newIn + input] =
+          oldWeights[src.weightOffsets[layer] + oldNode * oldIn + oldInput];
+      }
+      out[dst.biasOffsets[layer] + node] = oldWeights[src.biasOffsets[layer] + oldNode];
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** Remap one feature/label vector, filling genuinely new dimensions neutrally. */
+export function remapVector(
+  source: ArrayLike<number>,
+  map: DimensionMap | undefined,
+  newSize: number,
+  placeholder: number,
+): Float32Array {
+  const indices = map ?? prefixMap(newSize, source.length);
+  const out = new Float32Array(newSize);
+  for (let i = 0; i < newSize; ++i) {
+    const oldIndex = indices[i];
+    out[i] =
+      oldIndex !== null && oldIndex >= 0 && oldIndex < source.length
+        ? source[oldIndex]
+        : placeholder;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** Decide whether an arity edit needs a real network reconstruction. */
+export function resizeTarget(
+  activeCount: number,
+  currentCapacity: number,
+  policy: NetworkResizePolicy,
+): number | null {
+  const wanted = Math.max(1, Math.floor(activeCount));
+  if (policy === 'exact') return wanted === currentCapacity ? null : wanted;
+  return wanted > currentCapacity ? wanted : null;
+}

manifold/src/engine/types.ts

@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ export interface NispsModule {
   // RandomiseMlp). Mode ints: 0=Avoid 1=RandomiseOutputs 2=RandomiseMlp.
   // Action return ints come from FeedbackController::on_*; see feedback.hpp.
   _nisps_ml_feedback_set_mode(ml: number, mode: number): void;
+  /** Reset index-aligned feedback/exploration state without rebuilding the MLP. */
+  _nisps_ml_feedback_reset(ml: number): void;
   _nisps_ml_feedback_get_mode(ml: number): number;
   _nisps_ml_feedback_exploring(ml: number): number; // 1 = exploring
   _nisps_ml_feedback_set_focus(ml: number, mask_ptr: number, n: number): void;

manifold/src/engine/wasm-iml.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ import {
   type NispsModuleFactory,
 } from './types';
 import { createTrainer, type WasmTrainer } from './wasm-worker';
+import {
+  remapFlatWeights,
+  remapVector,
+  type IoMigration,
+} from './io-reshape';
 
 /** Default architecture matches `nisps/wasm/bindings.cpp` instantiation. */
 const DEFAULT_INPUT_SIZE = 2;
@@ -352,98 +357,145 @@ export class WasmIML {
   // -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   /**
-   * Swap the net for one at new dims, warm-started from the overlapping weights
+   * Apply one identity-aware I/O edit. A changed shape reconstructs the C++ MLP;
-   * of the current net (`nisps_ml_reshape`). Any omitted dim keeps its current
+   * a same-shape permutation edits weights/examples in place.
-   * value. Returns true on success (false = C-side rejected / no change).
-   *
-   * The C side RESETS its dataset/examples and feedback/exploration state on
-   * reshape, so this method also clears the TS `Dataset` mirror, reallocates
-   * every dim-dependent heap buffer, refreshes `weightCount`, and pushes the new
-   * shape + zeroed example/output state through the sink so React re-reads.
    */
   reshape(
     dims: { inputSize?: number; outputSize?: number; hidden?: readonly [number, number, number] },
     spread = 0,
+    migration?: IoMigration,
   ): boolean {
+    const oldArch = this.arch_;
     const wantIn = dims.inputSize ?? this.arch_.inputSize;
     const wantOut = dims.outputSize ?? this.arch_.outputSize;
     const wantHidden = dims.hidden ?? this.arch_.hidden;
+    const shapeChanged =
+      wantIn !== oldArch.inputSize ||
+      wantOut !== oldArch.outputSize ||
+      wantHidden.some((n, i) => n !== oldArch.hidden[i]);
+    const oldWeights = migration ? this.getWeights() : null;
+    const examples =
+      migration?.examples === 'adapt'
+        ? Array.from({ length: this.dataset.size }, (_, i) => ({
+            features: new Float32Array(this.dataset.feature(i)),
+            labels: new Float32Array(this.dataset.label(i)),
+          }))
+        : [];
 
-    const hiddenPtr = this.module._malloc(wantHidden.length * 4);
+    if (shapeChanged || !migration) {
-    new Int32Array(this.module.HEAP32.buffer, hiddenPtr, wantHidden.length).set(wantHidden);
+      const hiddenPtr = this.module._malloc(wantHidden.length * 4);
-    const ok = this.module._nisps_ml_reshape(
+      new Int32Array(this.module.HEAP32.buffer, hiddenPtr, wantHidden.length).set(wantHidden);
-      this.mlHandle,
+      const ok = this.module._nisps_ml_reshape(
-      wantIn,
+        this.mlHandle,
-      wantOut,
+        wantIn,
-      hiddenPtr,
+        wantOut,
-      wantHidden.length,
+        hiddenPtr,
-      spread,
+        wantHidden.length,
-    );
+        spread,
-    this.module._free(hiddenPtr);
+      );
-    if (ok !== 1) return false;
+      this.module._free(hiddenPtr);
+      if (ok !== 1) return false;
 
-    // Re-describe the (new) instance and refresh the weight count.
+      this.module._nisps_ml_describe(this.mlHandle, this.describePtr);
-    this.module._nisps_ml_describe(this.mlHandle, this.describePtr);
+      const d = new Int32Array(this.module.HEAP32.buffer, this.describePtr, 7);
-    const d = new Int32Array(this.module.HEAP32.buffer, this.describePtr, 7);
+      this.arch_ = {
-    this.arch_ = {
+        inputSize: d[0],
-      inputSize: d[0],
+        hidden: [d[1], d[2], d[3]],
-      hidden: [d[1], d[2], d[3]],
+        outputSize: d[4],
-      outputSize: d[4],
+        numLayers: d[5],
-      numLayers: d[5],
+        maxExamples: d[6],
-      maxExamples: d[6],
+      };
-    };
+      this.weightCount_ = this.module._nisps_ml_weight_count(this.mlHandle);
-    this.weightCount_ = this.module._nisps_ml_weight_count(this.mlHandle);
-    // nisps_ml_reshape never varies max_examples (no such parameter exists on
-    // that C API) — it always reconstructs at kDefaultMaxExamples, same as
-    // create(). The Dataset mirror's cap is therefore still correct; only its
-    // contents are cleared below, matching the C++ side's dataset reset.
 
-    // Reallocate every dim-dependent heap buffer. Freeing first then reallocating
+      // A malloc may grow WASM memory, so all retained fixed-size views are
-    // means a later malloc may sbrk-grow the heap and detach earlier views, so we
+      // rebound after reallocating the dimension-dependent buffers.
-    // rebind() all of them afterwards.
+      this.featuresBuf.free();
-    this.featuresBuf.free();
+      this.labelsBuf.free();
-    this.labelsBuf.free();
+      this.weightsBuf.free();
-    this.weightsBuf.free();
+      this.statsBuf.free();
-    this.statsBuf.free();
+      this.batchInBuf.free();
-    this.batchInBuf.free();
+      this.batchOutBuf.free();
-    this.batchOutBuf.free();
+      this.pinMaskBuf.free();
-    this.pinMaskBuf.free();
+      this.feedbackBuf.free();
-    this.feedbackBuf.free();
+      this.outProcBuf.free();
-    this.outProcBuf.free();
+      this.pipeMaskBuf.free();
-    this.pipeMaskBuf.free();
+      this.featuresBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.inputSize);
-    this.featuresBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.inputSize);
+      this.labelsBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
-    this.labelsBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
+      this.weightsBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.weightCount_);
-    this.weightsBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.weightCount_);
+      this.statsBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.numLayers * 4);
-    this.statsBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.numLayers * 4);
+      this.batchInBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, WasmIML.MAX_BATCH * this.arch_.inputSize);
-    this.batchInBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, WasmIML.MAX_BATCH * this.arch_.inputSize);
+      this.batchOutBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, WasmIML.MAX_BATCH * this.arch_.outputSize);
-    this.batchOutBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, WasmIML.MAX_BATCH * this.arch_.outputSize);
+      this.pinMaskBuf = new HeapU8(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
-    this.pinMaskBuf = new HeapU8(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
+      this.feedbackBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
-    this.feedbackBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
+      this.outProcBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
-    this.outProcBuf = new HeapBuffer(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
+      this.pipeMaskBuf = new HeapU8(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
-    this.pipeMaskBuf = new HeapU8(this.module, this.arch_.outputSize);
+      this.featuresBuf.rebind();
-    this.featuresBuf.rebind();
+      this.labelsBuf.rebind();
-    this.labelsBuf.rebind();
+      this.weightsBuf.rebind();
-    this.weightsBuf.rebind();
+      this.statsBuf.rebind();
-    this.statsBuf.rebind();
+      this.batchInBuf.rebind();
-    this.batchInBuf.rebind();
+      this.batchOutBuf.rebind();
-    this.batchOutBuf.rebind();
+      this.pinMaskBuf.rebind();
-    this.pinMaskBuf.rebind();
+      this.feedbackBuf.rebind();
-    this.feedbackBuf.rebind();
+      this.outProcBuf.rebind();
-    this.outProcBuf.rebind();
+      this.pipeMaskBuf.rebind();
-    this.pipeMaskBuf.rebind();
+      this.inCfgBuf.rebind();
-    // Fixed-size pipeline buffers were not reallocated but a grow above may have
+      this.inXYBuf.rebind();
-    // detached their views — rebind so later writes hit the live heap.
+      this.curveBuf.rebind();
-    this.inCfgBuf.rebind();
+    } else {
-    this.inXYBuf.rebind();
+      // Pure permutations do not recreate the network. Feedback replay,
-    this.curveBuf.rebind();
+      // scratchpad, Jolt, and OU state are index-aligned, so reset only those.
+      this.module._nisps_ml_feedback_reset(this.mlHandle);
+      const hasNewDimension =
+        migration.inputMap?.some((oldIndex) => oldIndex === null) ||
+        migration.outputMap?.some((oldIndex) => oldIndex === null);
+      if (hasNewDimension) {
+        // Establish fresh deterministic values, then the remap below overlays
+        // every surviving coordinate. Only genuinely new columns/rows remain.
+        this.module._nisps_ml_draw_weights(this.mlHandle, spread);
+      }
+    }
 
-    // C-side dataset/examples reset on reshape → clear the TS mirror to match.
+    if (migration && oldWeights) {
+      this.setWeights(
+        remapFlatWeights(
+          oldWeights,
+          oldArch,
+          this.getWeights(),
+          this.arch_,
+          migration.inputMap,
+          migration.outputMap,
+        ),
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Rebuild both example mirrors from the same adapted vectors. The C++
+    // reshape already cleared its side; same-shape migration needs this call.
     this.dataset.clear();
+    this.module._nisps_ml_clear_examples(this.mlHandle);
+    if (migration?.examples === 'adapt') {
+      for (const example of examples) {
+        const features = remapVector(
+          example.features,
+          migration.inputMap,
+          this.arch_.inputSize,
+          migration.addedInputValue,
+        );
+        const labels = remapVector(
+          example.labels,
+          migration.outputMap,
+          this.arch_.outputSize,
+          migration.addedOutputValue,
+        );
+        this.dataset.add(Array.from(features), Array.from(labels));
+        this.copyExampleToWasm_(Array.from(features), Array.from(labels));
+      }
+    }
     this.lastLoss_ = null;
+    this.resetInput();
+    this.resetOutput();
 
-    // The lazy training worker's mirror net is now stale (wrong arity). Dropping
+    // The worker mirror is stale after any weight, example, or shape migration.
-    // it makes the next trainAsync re-create it; the train protocol also carries
-    // the current dims so a fresh worker matches (see wasm-worker.ts).
     if (this.trainer) {
       this.trainer.dispose();
       this.trainer = null;
@@ -452,7 +504,7 @@ export class WasmIML {
     this.sink.setState({
       inputSize: this.arch_.inputSize,
       outputSize: this.arch_.outputSize,
-      exampleCount: 0,
+      exampleCount: this.dataset.size,
       lastLoss: null,
       lossHistory: [],
     });
@@ -460,6 +512,8 @@ export class WasmIML {
     this.sink.emit('ml.reshaped', {
       inputSize: this.arch_.inputSize,
       outputSize: this.arch_.outputSize,
+      reconstructed: shapeChanged || !migration,
+      exampleCount: this.dataset.size,
     });
     this.scheduleSave_();
     return true;

manifold/src/feedback/controller.ts

@@ -176,6 +176,16 @@ export class FeedbackController {
     this.spread = spread;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * An I/O identity edit resets the core's index-aligned scratch/replay state.
+   * Mirror that reset locally without issuing another core transition.
+   */
+  resetAfterIoChange(): void {
+    this.exploringFlag = false;
+    this.pickingFlag = false;
+    this.anchors = [];
+  }
+
   /**
    * Set the arm/solo mask. The dock builds this from the per-output `armed`
    * flags (dock/output-state.ts buildArmMask). We RESPECT it at the example

manifold/src/inputs/input-layer.ts

@@ -23,9 +23,10 @@
  * behaviour) — that diluted every source and biased the net toward idle
  * sources' resting values.
  *
- * Changing the ACTIVE axis count offers a reshape (ConsoleApp → ReshapeModal):
+ * Changing the ACTIVE layout runs through ConsoleApp's persistent I/O policy:
- * a new net at the new arity, warm-started from the overlapping weights, with
+ * keep-capacity remaps stable dimensions in place until capacity is exceeded;
- * examples + feedback state reset. Declining keeps this over-provisioned head.
+ * exact-I/O reconstructs to the active arity. Example adaptation/clearing is a
+ * separate persisted choice.
  */
 import type { InputAction, InputSource } from './types';
 

manifold/src/settings/settings-store.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
  * read + mutate settings without a render tree.
  */
 import { useSyncExternalStore } from 'react';
+import type {
+  ExampleResizePolicy,
+  NetworkResizePolicy,
+} from '../engine/io-reshape';
 
 /** Resting (unfocused) icon colour choice. Focused is always --accent. */
 export type UnfocusedIconColour = 'off-white' | 'white' | 'orange';
@@ -43,6 +47,17 @@ export interface Settings {
    * Learning-drawer control. Off means full-range uniform randomisation.
    */
   xavierSpreadEnabled: boolean;
+  /**
+   * `capacity` keeps the current network while the edited card set fits;
+   * `exact` reconstructs whenever active I/O arity changes.
+   */
+  networkResizePolicy: NetworkResizePolicy;
+  /** What a required I/O migration does with existing training examples. */
+  exampleResizePolicy: ExampleResizePolicy;
+  /** Neutral feature value inserted into old examples for a new input. */
+  addedInputExampleValue: number;
+  /** Neutral label value inserted into old examples for a new output. */
+  addedOutputExampleValue: number;
 }
 
 export const DEFAULT_SETTINGS: Settings = {
@@ -51,6 +66,10 @@ export const DEFAULT_SETTINGS: Settings = {
   inputMap: 'follow-mode',
   cornerRadius: 2,
   xavierSpreadEnabled: false,
+  networkResizePolicy: 'capacity',
+  exampleResizePolicy: 'adapt',
+  addedInputExampleValue: 0,
+  addedOutputExampleValue: 0.5,
 };
 
 const STORAGE_KEY = 'mf-settings';

manifold/tests/backend-manager-switch.test.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class FakeBackend implements OutputBackend {
   readonly id: BackendId;
   startCalls = 0;
   teardownCalls = 0;
+  sent: number[][] = [];
   private release: (() => void) | null = null;
   private hold: boolean;
 
@@ -59,7 +60,9 @@ class FakeBackend implements OutputBackend {
     this.teardownCalls++;
   }
 
-  send(): void {}
+  send(routed: Float32Array): void {
+    this.sent.push(Array.from(routed));
+  }
 
   status(): BackendStatus {
     return { state: 'ready', message: 'fake' };
@@ -121,6 +124,32 @@ test('rapid repeated switches to the SAME pending id only apply it once', async
   expect(osc.startCalls).toBe(1);
 });
 
+test('capacity slots are not forwarded beyond the active output-card count', async () => {
+  let notify: (() => void) | null = null;
+  const engine: ManagerEngine = {
+    subscribe: (cb) => {
+      notify = cb;
+      return () => {};
+    },
+    routedOutput: () => new Float32Array([0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4]),
+    audio: { setMuted: () => {} },
+  };
+  const midi = new FakeBackend('midi');
+  const manager = new BackendManager(engine, { midi });
+  manager.setContext({
+    modeId: 'test',
+    outputCount: 2,
+    mappings: [],
+    names: [],
+  });
+  await manager.setActive('midi');
+  notify!();
+
+  expect(midi.sent).toEqual([
+    Array.from(new Float32Array([0.1, 0.2])),
+  ]);
+});
+
 // NOTE: `manifold/package.json`'s `test` script is `bun test src
 // tests/pipeline-golden.test.ts` — an explicit file list, not a directory
 // glob, so this file (like any other new file under tests/) is NOT picked up

manifold/tests/e2e/output-display-count.spec.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ declare global {
   }
 }
 
-test('output sliders follow the active backend output count', async ({ page }) => {
+test('output cards add/delete in both drawer depths and capacity mode avoids reconstruction', async ({ page }) => {
   await loadProbe(page);
 
   // Drive the real UI path: output target → Outputs drawer → expanded MIDI
@@ -18,14 +18,25 @@ test('output sliders follow the active backend output count', async ({ page }) =
   await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'MIDI', exact: true }).click();
   await page.getByTitle('Outputs').click();
   await page.getByTitle('Expand').click();
-  await page.getByLabel('CCs').fill('2');
+
+  // MIDI starts with eight output cards. Delete six real cards instead of
+  // editing a detached numeric count.
+  await expect(page.getByText('8 outputs', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: /^Delete .* output$/ }).last().click();
+  }
+  await expect(page.getByText('2 outputs', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
+  // Default "Keep capacity" policy edits semantic mappings in place.
+  expect(await page.evaluate(() => window.__nisps!.getOutputs().length)).toBe(33);
 
   // The count remains visible in condensed chrome after leaving the advanced
-  // config, and closing the drawer reveals the same number of stage columns.
+  // config. Adding in condensed depth updates that same card set.
   await page.getByTitle('Condense').click();
   await expect(page.getByText('2 outputs', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: '+ output', exact: true }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByText('3 outputs', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
   await page.getByTitle('Close').click();
-  await expect(page.getByTestId('output-stage')).toHaveAttribute('data-output-count', '2');
+  await expect(page.getByTestId('output-stage')).toHaveAttribute('data-output-count', '3');
 
   // Backends without a configured count present the full mode output set.
   const fullCount = await page.evaluate(() => window.__mf!.paramCount());
@@ -33,3 +44,34 @@ test('output sliders follow the active backend output count', async ({ page }) =
   await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'OSC', exact: true }).click();
   await expect(page.getByTestId('output-stage')).toHaveAttribute('data-output-count', String(fullCount));
 });
+
+test('exact I/O persists and adapts examples across a deleted output identity', async ({ page }) => {
+  await loadProbe(page);
+
+  await page.getByTitle('Settings').click();
+  await page.getByRole('radio', { name: 'Exact I/O' }).click();
+  await page.getByTitle('Close').click();
+
+  await page.getByTitle(/^Mode:/).click();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'MIDI', exact: true }).click();
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => window.__nisps!.getOutputs().length)).toBe(8);
+
+  const added = await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const probe = window.__nisps!;
+    probe.setFeedbackMode('explore_and_place');
+    return probe.addExample([0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4], Array.from(probe.getOutputs()));
+  });
+  expect(added).toBe(true);
+  expect(await page.evaluate(() => window.__nisps!.getExampleCount())).toBe(1);
+
+  await page.getByTitle('Outputs').click();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: /^Delete .* output$/ }).first().click();
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => window.__nisps!.getOutputs().length)).toBe(7);
+  expect(await page.evaluate(() => window.__nisps!.getExampleCount())).toBe(1);
+  expect(await page.evaluate(() => window.__nisps!.getFeedbackMode())).toBe('explore_and_place');
+
+  const persisted = await page.evaluate(() => JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('mf-settings') ?? '{}'));
+  expect(persisted.networkResizePolicy).toBe('exact');
+  expect(persisted.exampleResizePolicy).toBe('adapt');
+  expect(persisted.addedOutputExampleValue).toBe(0.5);
+});

manifold/tests/io-reshape.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { expect, test } from 'bun:test';
+import type { MLArchitecture } from '../src/engine/types';
+import {
+  completeDimensionMap,
+  remapFlatWeights,
+  remapVector,
+  resizeTarget,
+} from '../src/engine/io-reshape';
+
+function arch(inputSize: number, outputSize: number): MLArchitecture {
+  return { inputSize, hidden: [2, 2, 2], outputSize, numLayers: 4, maxExamples: 8 };
+}
+
+test('capacity policy only reconstructs when active I/O exceeds capacity', () => {
+  expect(resizeTarget(2, 8, 'capacity')).toBeNull();
+  expect(resizeTarget(9, 8, 'capacity')).toBe(9);
+  expect(resizeTarget(2, 8, 'exact')).toBe(2);
+  expect(resizeTarget(8, 8, 'exact')).toBeNull();
+});
+
+test('a middle deletion keeps surviving identities and moves unused slots to the tail', () => {
+  expect(completeDimensionMap([0, 2], 4, 4)).toEqual([0, 2, 1, 3]);
+});
+
+test('example vectors remove deleted dimensions and fill additions with placeholders', () => {
+  expect(Array.from(remapVector([10, 20, 30], [0, 2], 2, -1))).toEqual([10, 30]);
+  expect(Array.from(remapVector([10, 20], [0, null, 1], 3, 0.5))).toEqual([10, 0.5, 20]);
+});
+
+test('weight remap preserves an arbitrary output row and bias by identity', () => {
+  const oldArch = arch(2, 3);
+  const newArch = arch(2, 2);
+  // 4 layers: weights 4 + 4 + 4 + 6, then biases 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 27.
+  const oldWeights = Float32Array.from({ length: 27 }, (_, i) => i + 1);
+  const freshWeights = new Float32Array(24).fill(-1);
+  const remapped = remapFlatWeights(
+    oldWeights,
+    oldArch,
+    freshWeights,
+    newArch,
+    undefined,
+    [0, 2],
+  );
+  // Final-layer weights begin at 12. Old rows: [13,14], [15,16], [17,18].
+  expect(Array.from(remapped.slice(12, 16))).toEqual([13, 14, 17, 18]);
+  // Destination output biases are the final two entries; old output biases
+  // are [25,26,27], so output identity 2 must retain 27 rather than 26.
+  expect(Array.from(remapped.slice(22, 24))).toEqual([25, 27]);
+});

nisps/wasm/bindings.cpp

@@ -401,6 +401,8 @@ int nisps_ml_reshape(void* ml, int input_size, int output_size,
     const MlDims d = sanitise_dims(input_size, output_size, hidden, n_hidden);
     if (!d.ok) return 0;
 
+    const auto feedback_mode = h->feedback.mode();
+    const auto avoid_style = h->feedback.avoid_style();
     BrowserMLP fresh(h->seed64, d.n_in, std::span<const std::size_t>(d.hidden, 3u), d.n_out);
     if (!fresh.valid()) return 0;
     fresh.draw_weights(spread);
@@ -409,6 +411,8 @@ int nisps_ml_reshape(void* ml, int input_size, int output_size,
     BrowserFeedback fb(h->seed64 ^ kFeedbackSalt, d.n_out, fresh.weight_count(),
                        kFeedbackUndoDepth, d.n_in, kFeedbackReplayCap);
     if (!fb.valid()) return 0;
+    fb.set_avoid_style(avoid_style);
+    fb.set_mode(feedback_mode, fresh);
 
     h->mlp      = static_cast<BrowserMLP&&>(fresh);
     h->feedback = static_cast<BrowserFeedback&&>(fb);
@@ -614,6 +618,28 @@ void nisps_ml_feedback_set_mode(void* ml, int mode) {
     h->feedback.set_mode(m, h->mlp);
 }
 
+// Reset only the index-aligned feedback/exploration state. Same-capacity I/O
+// edits remap weights and examples without reconstructing the network, but
+// replay/scratch vectors have no stable parameter-identity contract.
+EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE
+void nisps_ml_feedback_reset(void* ml) {
+    if (!ml) return;
+    auto* h = static_cast<MLHandle*>(ml);
+    const auto feedback_mode = h->feedback.mode();
+    const auto avoid_style = h->feedback.avoid_style();
+    BrowserFeedback fb(h->seed64 ^ kFeedbackSalt, h->n_out(), h->mlp.weight_count(),
+                       kFeedbackUndoDepth, h->n_in(), kFeedbackReplayCap);
+    if (!fb.valid()) return;
+    fb.set_avoid_style(avoid_style);
+    fb.set_mode(feedback_mode, h->mlp);
+    h->feedback = static_cast<BrowserFeedback&&>(fb);
+    h->feedback_static_scratch.assign(h->n_out(), 0.f);
+    h->mlp.reset_optimizer_state();
+    h->jolt.release();
+    h->ou.reset();
+    h->jolt_scratch.assign(h->mlp.weight_count(), 0.f);
+}
+
 EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE
 int nisps_ml_feedback_get_mode(void* ml) {
     if (!ml) return 0;

scripts/build-wasm.sh

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ EXPORTED_FUNCS='[
   "_nisps_ml_clear_examples",
   "_nisps_ml_weight_count","_nisps_ml_get_weights","_nisps_ml_set_weights",
   "_nisps_ml_draw_weights",
-  "_nisps_ml_feedback_set_mode","_nisps_ml_feedback_get_mode",
+  "_nisps_ml_feedback_set_mode","_nisps_ml_feedback_reset","_nisps_ml_feedback_get_mode",
   "_nisps_ml_feedback_exploring",
   "_nisps_ml_feedback_set_focus","_nisps_ml_feedback_down",
   "_nisps_ml_feedback_up","_nisps_ml_feedback_static_output",